Scheduling Configuration

Related Tutorial

Scheduling Tutorial

The [scheduling] section of the flow.cylc file defines what tasks exist in the workflow, in a dependency graph, and when they should run, relative to each other and to constraints such as clock triggers, external triggers, and internal queues

The Graph

Related Tutorial

Graph Tutorial

The graph defines a workflow in terms of its tasks and the dependencies between them.

A Cylc graph is composed of one or more graph strings which use a special syntax to define the dependencies between tasks:

  • arrow symbols => declare dependencies

  • logical operators & (AND) and | (OR) can be used to write conditional dependencies.

For example:

# baz will not be run until both foo and bar have succeeded
foo & bar => baz

Graph strings are configured under the [scheduling][graph] section of the flow.cylc file:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            foo & bar => baz
        """

In this example R1 is a recurrence expression that defines how often, and on what cycle interval, to run this part of the graph. For example, R1 means run once, and P1D means run repeatedly on a 1-day cycle.

Graph strings may contain blank lines, arbitrary white space and comments e.g:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            foo & bar => baz  # baz depends on foo and bar

        """

Graphs can be broken down into pairs of triggers, where the left side is a single task output, or a logical expression involving several of them, and the right side is the task or family that triggers when the output (or expression) is completed.

In the case of cycling tasks, triggers are valid for cycle points matching the recurrence expression for the graph string. For example this graph:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T12 = "A => B"

implies that B triggers off of A (i.e. off of the A:succeeded output) for cycle points where the hour matches 00 or 12. To define intercycle dependencies, attach an offset indicator to the left side of a pair:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T12 = "A[-PT12H] => B"

This means task B triggers off of task A[-PT12H] (12 hours before, with respect to cycle point) at every point with hours matching 00 and 12 in a sequence starting at the initial cycle point. Note: current cycle point is implicit - only offsets need to be specified - because most tasks depend only on others with the same cycle point.

Cycle point offsets can only appear on the left side of an arrow. However, A => B[-PT6H], which is illegal, can be reformulated as a future trigger A[+PT6H] => B (see Intercycle Triggers). It is also possible to combine multiple offsets within a cycle point offset e.g.

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T12 = "A[-P1D-PT12H] => B"

This means that B triggers off A[-P1D-PT12H] (1 day and 12 hours before) at each cycle point.

Triggers can be chained together. This graph:

T00, T12 = """
    A => B  # B triggers off A
    B => C  # C triggers off B
"""

is equivalent to this:

T00, T12 = "A => B => C"

All triggers defined for the same task combine, so this:

T00, T12 = """
    A => X  # X triggers off A
    B => X  # X also triggers off B
"""

is equivalent to this:

T00, T12 = "A & B => X"  # X triggers off A AND B

In summary, the branching tree structure of a dependency graph can be partitioned into lines (in the flow.cylc graph string) of dependency pairs or chains, in any way you like. Use white space and comments to make the graph as clear as possible.

# B triggers if A succeeds, then C and D trigger if B succeeds:
R1 = "A => B => C & D"

# which is equivalent to this:
R1 = """
    A => B => C
    B => D
"""

# and to this:
R1 = """
    A => B => D
    B => C
"""

# and to this:
R1 = """
    A => B
    B => C
    B => D
"""

# and it can even be written like this:
R1 = """
    A => B # blank line follows:

    B => C # comment ...
    B => D
"""

Splitting Up Long Graph Lines

It is not necessary to use the fragile line continuation marker \ to split long graph lines. You can break at dependency arrows (=>) and operators (&, |), or split long chains into smaller ones. This graph:

R1 = "A & B => C"

is equivalent to this:

R1 = """
    A & B =>
    C
"""

and also to this:

R1 = """
    A &
    B => C
"""

Note

Multiple graph strings add together to make the complete workflow graph.

Changed in version 8.0.0: Graph strings can be broken on & and | as well as =>.

Graph Types

Non-Cycling

The following is a small workflow of non-cycling tasks; these all have a single cycle point (1), and once they’re all finished the scheduler shuts down.

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "foo => bar & baz => qux"
../../_images/test1.png

Cycling Graphs

For cycling tasks we give a recurrence expression that defines a sequence of cycle points for which the graph string is valid, as demonstrated here for a small workflow of cycling tasks:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
       # (note no dependence between cycle points)
        T00,T12 = "foo => bar & baz => qux"
../../_images/test2.png

Related Tutorial

Datetime Tutorial

For example in the following scenario:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T06 = foo => bar

T06 means “Run every day starting at 06:00 after the initial cycle point”. Cylc allows you to start (or end) at any particular time, repeat at whatever frequency you like, and even optionally limit the number of repetitions.

Cycling Syntax Rules

Datetime cycling information is made up of:

  • a datetime that typically specifies the start point of the sequence

  • an interval between points in the sequence

  • and an optional limit on the number of points in the sequence

The time is assumed to be in UTC unless you set [scheduler]cycle point time zone.

Attention

Changed in version 8.0.0.

At Cylc 7 the time zone was assumed to be local time unless [scheduler]cycle point time zone or [scheduler]UTC mode was set. If your workflow is running in Cylc 7 compatibility mode this remains the case.

The calendar is assumed to be the proleptic Gregorian calendar unless you set [scheduling]cycling mode.

The syntax is based on the ISO 8601 datetime standard, which includes the representation of datetimes and intervals. Cylc (optionally) allows these representations to be heavily condensed by omitting information that can be inferred from context (rules below).

Important

Cycle points in Cylc are just task labels that anchor dependence on other tasks, and which tasks can use to determine their current cycle point. Datetime cycle points have no relation to wallclock (real) time except where specific tasks, if any, depend on clock triggers.

There are three ISO 8601 recurrence formats supported by Cylc, detailed below in order from most commonly used to least commonly used.

Format 3: R[limit?]/[datetime]/[interval]

The most common full form for recurrences is R[limit?]/[datetime]/[interval]. This is format number 3 in the ISO 8601 standard. The datetime specifies the start of the cycling sequence. For example, R3/2000-01-01T00Z/P2D means “run 3 times, every 2 days, starting at 2000-01-01T00Z (midnight, Jan 1st 2000)”; the list of points on this sequence is:

2000-01-01T00Z
2000-01-03T00Z
2000-01-05T00Z

In Cylc, this form can be condensed to:

R[limit?]/[datetime]
R[limit?]//[interval]
[datetime]/[interval]
R[limit?] # Special limit of 1 case
[datetime]
[interval]

Here are some examples for each form:

R5/T00            # Run 5 times at 00:00 every day
R//PT1H           # Run every hour (Note the R// is optional)
20000101T06Z/P1D  # Run every day starting at 06:00 1st Jan 2000
R1                # Run once at the initial cycle point
R1/20000101T00Z   # Run once at 00:00 1st Jan 2000
P1Y               # Run every year

Note

T00 is an example of [datetime], with an inferred 1 day period and no limit (it is short for R/T00).

Where some or all datetime information is omitted, it is inferred to be relative to the initial cycle point. For example, T00 by itself would mean the next occurrence of midnight that follows, or is, the initial cycle point. +PT6H means 6 hours after the initial cycle point. -P1D means 1 day before the initial cycle point. The default is the initial cycle point itself.

If the interval is omitted and some (but not all) datetime information is omitted, it is inferred to be a single unit above the largest given specific datetime unit. For example, the largest given specific unit in T00 is hours, so the inferred interval is 1 day (daily), P1D.

If the limit is omitted, unlimited cycling is assumed. This will be bounded by the workflow’s final cycle point if given.

Format 4: R[limit?]/[interval]/[datetime]

Another supported recurrence form is: R[limit?]/[interval]/[datetime] (format number 4 in the ISO 8601 standard). This uses the datetime as the end of the cycling sequence rather than the start. For example, R3/P5D/2014-04-30T06 means “run 3 times, every 5 days, ending at 2014-04-30T06 (06:00, April 30th 2014)”; the list of points on this sequence is:

2014-04-20T06
2014-04-25T06
2014-04-30T06

This form can be used to get special behaviour relative to the final cycle point.

We can also represent this in Cylc with a collapsed form:

R[limit?]/[interval]
R[limit?]//[datetime]
[interval]/[datetime]

So, for example, you can write:

R1//+P0D  # Run once at the final cycle point
R5/P2D    # Run 5 times, every 2 days, ending at the final cycle point
P2W/T00   # Run every 2 weeks ending at 00:00 before/at the final cycle point
R//T00    # Run every day ending at 00:00 before/at the final cycle point

Format 1: R[limit?]/[datetime]/[datetime]

A less common recurrence form is R[limit?]/[datetime]/[datetime] (format number 1 in the ISO 8601 standard). This uses the difference between the first datetime and the second datetime to set the recurrence interval. The first datetime is the start point. For example, R3/2020-07-10/2020-07-15 means “run 3 times, every 5 days, starting at 2020-07-10 (midnight, July 10th 2020)”; the list of points on this sequence is:

2020-07-10
2020-07-15
2020-07-20

Caution

Cylc will always calculate the interval in exact datetime units. So for the example of R/2004/2005, the interval will be P366D (2004 is a leap year) rather then P1Y, because year is an inexact unit.

Note

In versions of Cylc prior to 8.0.0, this syntax was undocumented and behaved differently, in a way which was not in accordance with the ISO 8601 standard.

Referencing The Initial And Final Cycle Points

The caret and dollar symbols are shorthand for the initial and final cycle points:

R1/^+PT12H  # Repeat once 12 hours after the initial cycle point
            # R[limit]/[datetime]
            # Equivalent to R1/+PT12H
R1/$        # Repeat once at the final cycle point
            # R[limit]/[datetime]
            # Equivalent to R1//+P0D
$-P2D/PT3H  # Repeat 3 hourly starting two days before the
            # [datetime]/[interval]
            # final cycle point

Note

There are multiple ways to write the same recurrences, for instance the following all run once at the final cycle point:

R1/P0Y       # R[limit]/[interval]
R1/P0Y/$     # R[limit]/[interval]/[datetime]
R1/$         # R[limit]/[datetime]

The Initial Cycle Point

A workflow normally begins running at the initial cycle point, which defines the start of the workflow graph:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20100808T06Z

This can be overridden on the command line:

$ cylc play foo --initial-cycle-point=20120808T06Z

Setting The Initial Cycle Point Relative To The Current Time

Warning

Setting the initial cycle point relative to the current time only works for datetime cycling workflows using the Gregorian calendar. It does not work for alternative calendars like the 360, 365 or 366 day calendars, or integer cycling.

The next and previous syntax can be used with truncated ISO 8601 representations, to set the initial cycle point: next(Thh:mmZ), previous(T-mm); e.g.

  • initial cycle point = next(T15:00Z)

  • initial cycle point = previous(T09:00)

  • initial cycle point = next(T12)

  • initial cycle point = previous(T-20)

A list of times, separated by semicolons, can be provided, e.g. next(T-00;T-15;T-30;T-45). At least one time is required within the brackets, and if more than one is given, the major time unit in each (hours or minutes) should be of the same type.

Note

T-00 means every hour, on the hour. The - is a placeholder for the hours column.

If an offset from the specified datetime is required, this should be of the form previous(Thh:mm) +/- PxTy as is used for determining cycle periods, e.g.

  • initial cycle point = previous(T06) +P1D

  • initial cycle point = next(T-30) -PT1H

The next/previous syntax is interpreted first, then the offset is applied.

Offsets used without next or previous are interpreted as offsets from “now”.

Relative initial cycle point examples for now = 2018-03-14T15:12Z

Syntax

Interpretation

next(T-00)

2018-03-14T16:00Z

previous(T-00)

2018-03-14T15:00Z

next(T-00; T-15; T-30; T-45)

2018-03-14T15:15Z

previous(T-00; T-15; T-30; T-45)

2018-03-14T15:00Z

next(T00)

2018-03-15T00:00Z

previous(T00)

2018-03-14T00:00Z

next(T06:30Z)

2018-03-15T06:30Z

previous(T06:30) -P1D

2018-03-13T06:30Z

next(T00; T06; T12; T18)

2018-03-14T18:00Z

previous(T00; T06; T12; T18)

2018-03-14T12:00Z

next(T00; T06; T12; T18) +P1W

2018-03-21T18:00Z

PT1H

2018-03-14T16:12Z

-P1M

2018-02-14T15:12Z

Relative initial cycle points also work with truncated dates, including weeks and ordinal date, using ISO 8601 truncated date representations. Note that day-of-week should always be specified when using weeks. If a time is not included, the calculation of the next or previous corresponding point will be done from midnight of the current day.

Relative initial cycle point examples for now = 2018-03-14T15:12Z using ISO8601 truncated dates.

Syntax

Description

Interpretation

next(-00)

Any century; next year 00

2100-01-01

previous(--01)

Any year; next month 01

2018-01-01

next(---01)

Any year; any month; next 1st of month

2018-04-01

previous(--1225)

Any year; previous Dec 25

2017-12-25

next(-2006)

Any century; next June in a year ending 20

2020-06-01

previous(-W101)

Any century; previous week 10 day 1

2018-03-05

next(-W-1; -W-3; -W-5)

Any year; any week; next day 1, 3 or 5

2018-03-14

next(-001; -091; -181; -271)

Any year; day 1, 91, 181 or 271

2018-04-01

previous(-365T12Z)

Any year; previous day 356 at 12Z

2017-12-31T12:00Z

The Environment Variable CYLC_WORKFLOW_INITIAL_CYCLE_POINT

At start up the initial cycle point is passed to job environments as $CYLC_WORKFLOW_INITIAL_CYCLE_POINT and stored in the workflow database to persist across restarts.

The $CYLC_WORKFLOW_INITIAL_CYCLE_POINT variable allows tasks to check if they are running in the initial cycle point, when different behaviour may be required. Note however that an initial R1 graph section is the preferred way to get different behaviour at workflow start-up.

How Multiple Graph Strings Combine

Multiple graph strings add together to make the complete workflow graph. Recurrences can overlap, and tasks can appear in multiple graph strings. It is OK (but unnecessary) to define duplicate dependencies.

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T06,T12,T18 = "A => B => C"
        T06,T18 = "B => C => X"
        # duplicate prerequisite: B => C already defined at T06, T18

This graph can be written more concisely, with the same result, like this:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T06,T12,T18 = "A => B => C"
        # X triggers off C only at 6 and 18 hours
        T06,T18 = "C => X"

Excluding Dates

datetimes can be excluded from a recurrence by an exclamation mark for example PT1D!20000101 means run daily except on the first of January 2000.

This syntax can be used to exclude multiple datetimes from a recurrence, using the syntax PT1D!(20000101,20000102,...). All datetimes listed within the parentheses will be excluded.

Note

The ^ and $ symbols (shorthand for the initial and final cycle points) are both datetimes so T12!$-PT1D is valid.

If using a run limit in combination with an exclusion, the recurrence might not run the expected number of times. For example, in the following workflow foo will only run once as its second run is excluded.

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20000101T00Z
    final cycle point = 20000105T00Z
    [[graph]]
        R2/P1D!20000102 = foo

Excluding Recurrences

Exclusions may themselves be datetime recurrence sequences. Any partial datetime or sequence after the exclamation mark will be excluded from the main sequence.

For example, partial datetimes can be excluded like this:

PT1H ! T12                   # Run hourly but not at 12:00 from the initial
                             # cycle point.
T-00 ! (T00, T06, T12, T18)  # Run hourly but not at 00:00, 06:00,
                             # 12:00, 18:00.
PT5M ! T-15                  # Run 5-minutely but not at 15 minutes past the
                             # hour from the initial cycle point.
T00 ! W-1T00                 # Run daily at 00:00 except on Mondays.

And sequences can be excluded like this:

PT1H ! PT6H         # Run hourly from the initial cycle point but
                    # not 6-hourly from the initial cycle point.
T-00 ! PT6H         # Run hourly on the hour but not 6-hourly on the hour.
# Same as T-00 ! T-00/PT6H (T-00 context is implied)
# Same as T-00 ! (T00, T06, T12, T18)
# Same as PT1H ! (T00, T06, T12, T18) Initial cycle point dependent

T12 ! T12/P15D      # Run daily at 12:00 except every 15th day.

R/^/P1H ! R5/20000101T00/P1D    # Any valid recurrence may be used to
                                # determine exclusions. This example
                                # means: Repeat every hour from
                                # the initial cycle point, but exclude
                                # 00:00 for 5 days from 1 January 2000.

You can combine exclusion sequences and single point exclusions like this:

T-00 ! (20000101T07, PT2H)  # Run hourly on the hour but not at 07:00
                            # on the 1st Jan, 2000 and not 2-hourly
                            # on the hour.

Advanced Examples

Here are several examples of Cylc graph recurrence expressions:

R1         # Run once at the initial cycle point
P1D        # Run every day starting at the initial cycle point
PT5M       # Run every 5 minutes starting at the initial cycle point
T00/P2W    # Run every 2 weeks starting at 00:00 after the
           # initial cycle point
+P5D/P1M   # Run every month, starting 5 days after the initial cycle point
R1/T06     # Run once at 06:00 after the initial cycle point
R1/P0Y     # Run once at the final cycle point
R1/$       # Run once at the final cycle point (alternative form)
R1/$-P3D   # Run once three days before the final cycle point
R3/T0830   # Run 3 times, every day at 08:30 after the initial cycle point
R3/01T00   # Run 3 times, every month at 00:00 on the first
           # of the month after the initial cycle point
R5/W-1/P1M # Run 5 times, every month starting on Monday
           # following the initial cycle point
T00!^      # Run at the first occurrence of T00 that isn't the
           # initial cycle point
PT1D!20000101  # Run every day days excluding 1st Jan 2000
20140201T06/P1D    # Run every day starting at 20140201T06
R1/min(T00,T06,T12,T18)  # Run once at the first instance
                         # of either T00, T06, T12 or T18
                         # starting at the initial cycle point

Advanced Starting Up

Dependencies that are only valid at the initial cycle point can be written using an R1 recurrence. For example:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20130808T00
    final cycle point = 20130812T00
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "prep => foo"
        T00 = "foo[-P1D] => foo => bar"

In the example above, R1 implies R1/20130808T00, so prep only runs once at that cycle point (the initial cycle point). foo will depend on prep there, but not at subsequent cycle points.

However, it is possible to have a workflow that has multiple effective initial cycles - for example, one starting at T00 and another starting at T12. What if they need to share an initial task?

Let’s suppose that we add the following section to the workflow example above:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20130808T00
    final cycle point = 20130812T00
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "prep => foo"
        T00 = "foo[-P1D] => foo => bar"
        T12 = "baz[-P1D] => baz => qux"

We’ll also say that there should be a starting dependence between prep and our new task baz - but we still want to have a single prep task, at a single cycle.

We can write this using a special case of the task[-interval] syntax - if the interval is null, this implies the task at the initial cycle point.

For example, we can write our workflow like so, to produce the graph as shown:

Staggered Start Workflow

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20130808T00
    final cycle point = 20130812T00
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "prep"
        # ^ implies the initial cycle point:
        R1/T00 = "prep[^] => foo"
        # ^ is initial cycle point, as above:
        R1/T12 = "prep[^] => baz"
        T00 = "foo[-P1D] => foo => bar"
        T12 = "baz[-P1D] => baz => qux"
../../_images/test4.png

Usually, we want to specify additional tasks and dependencies at the initial cycle point. But what if we want our first cycle point to be entirely special, with some tasks missing compared to subsequent cycle points?

In the workflow below, bar will not run at the initial cycle point, but will still run at subsequent cycle points. +PT6H/PT6H means start at +PT6H (6 hours after the initial cycle point) and then repeat every PT6H (6 hours):

Restricted First Cycle Point Workflow

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20130808T00
    final cycle point = 20130808T18
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "setup_foo => foo"
        +PT6H/PT6H = """
            foo[-PT6H] => foo
            foo => bar
        """
../../_images/test5.png

Some workflows may have staggered start-up sequences where different tasks need to run once but only at specific cycle points, e.g. because of differing data sources at different cycle points, with different possible initial cycle points. To allow this Cylc provides a min( ) function that can be used as follows:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20100101T03
    [[graph]]
        R1/min(T00,T12) = "prep1 => foo"
        R1/min(T06,T18) = "prep2 => foo"
        T00,T06,T12,T18 = "foo => bar"

In this example the initial cycle point is 20100101T03, so the prep1 task will run once at 20100101T12 and the prep2 task will run once at 20100101T06 as these are the first cycle points after the initial cycle point in the respective min( ) entries.

Integer Cycling

Related Tutorial

Integer Cycling Tutorial

In addition to non-cycling and datetime cycling workflows, Cylc can do integer cycling for cycling workflows that are not datetime based.

To construct an integer cycling workflow, set [scheduling]cycling mode=integer, and specify integer values for the initial cycle point and optionally the final cycle point. The syntax for intervals, offsets, and recurrences (sequences) is similar to the datetime cycling syntax, except for the simple integer values.

The full integer recurrence expressions supported are:

  • Rn/start-point/interval # e.g. R3/1/P2

  • Rn/interval/end-point # e.g. R3/P2/9

But, as for datetime cycling, sequence start and end points can be omitted where workflow initial and final cycle points can be assumed. Some examples:

R1        # Run once at the initial cycle point
          # (short for R1/initial-point/?)
P1        # Repeat with step 1 from the initial cycle point
          # (short for R/initial-point/P1)
P5        # Repeat with step 5 from the initial cycle point
          # (short for R/initial-point/P5)
R2//P2    # Run twice with step 3 from the initial cycle point
          # (short for R2/initial-point/P2)
R/+P1/P2  # Repeat with step 2, from 1 after the initial cycle point
R2/P2     # Run twice with step 2, to the final cycle point
          # (short for R2/P2/final-point)
R1/P0     # Run once at the final cycle point
          # (short for R1/P0/final-point)

Advanced Integer Cycling Syntax

The same syntax used to reference the initial and final cycle points (introduced in Referencing The Initial And Final Cycle Points) for use with datetime cycling can also be used for integer cycling. For example you can write:

R1/^     # Run once at the initial cycle point
R1/$     # Run once at the final cycle point
R3/^/P2  # Run three times with step two starting at the
                 # initial cycle point

Likewise the syntax introduced in The Initial Cycle Point for excluding a particular point from a recurrence also works for integer cycling. For example:

R/P4!8       # Run with step 4, to the final cycle point but not at point 8
R3/3/P2!5    # Run with step 2 from point 3 but not at point 5
R/+P1/P6!14  # Run with step 6 from 1 step after the
             # initial cycle point but not at point 14

Multiple integer exclusions are also valid in the same way as the syntax in The Initial Cycle Point. Integer exclusions may be a list of single integer points, an integer sequence, or a combination of both:

R/P1!(2,3,7)  # Run with step 1 to the final cycle point,
              # but not at points 2, 3, or 7.
P1 ! P2       # Run with step 1 from the initial to final
              # cycle point, skipping every other step from
              # the initial cycle point.
P1 ! +P1/P2   # Run with step 1 from the initial cycle point,
              # excluding every other step beginning one step
              # after the initial cycle point.
P1 !(P2,6,8)  # Run with step 1 from the initial cycle point,
              # excluding every other step, and also excluding
              # steps 6 and 8.

An Integer Cycling Example

The following workflow definition, as graphed above, implements a classical linear pipeline using integer cycling. The workflow ensures that one instance each of A, B, and C runs concurrently and the pipeline is kept full: when 1/A has finished processing the first dataset, 2/A can start on the second one at the same time as 1/B begins processing the output of 1/A, and so on. The artificial cross-cycle dependence ensures that only one instance of A can run at a time; and similarly B and C. If available compute resource supports more than three concurrent jobs, remove the cross-cycle dependence and Cylc will run many cycles at once. Task runtime configuration is omitted, but it would likely involve retrieving datasets by cycle point and processing them in cycle point-specific shared workspaces under the self-contained run directory.

[scheduling]
    cycling mode = integer
    initial cycle point = 1
    [[graph]]
        R/^/P1 = """
            A => B => C
            A[-P1] => A
            B[-P1] => B
            C[-P1] => C
        """

Task Triggering

A task is said to trigger when it submits its job to run, as soon as all of its dependencies (also known as its separate “triggers”) are met. Tasks can be made to trigger off of the state of other tasks (indicated by a :state qualifier on the upstream task (or family) name in the graph) and, and off the clock, and arbitrary external events.

External triggering is relatively more complicated, and is documented separately in External Triggers.

Success Triggers

The default, with no trigger type specified, is to trigger off of the upstream task succeeding:

# B triggers if A SUCCEEDS:
R1 = "A => B"

For consistency and completeness, however, the success trigger can be explicit:

# B triggers if A SUCCEEDS:
R1 = "A => B"

# or:
R1 = "A:succeed => B"

Failure Triggers

To trigger off of the upstream task failing:

# B triggers if A FAILS:
R1 = "A:fail => B"

Start Triggers

To trigger off of the upstream task starting:

# B triggers if A STARTS EXECUTING:
R1 = "A:start => B"

This can be used to trigger tasks that monitor the execution of other tasks, e.g. to process their output files on the fly as they are generated. Message Triggers can also be useful for this use case.

Finish Triggers

To trigger off of the upstream task either succeeding or failing:

# B triggers if A either SUCCEEDS or FAILS:
R1 = "A | A:fail => B"

# or
R1 = "A:finish => B"

Message Triggers

Related Tutorial

Message Trigger Tutorial

We can also trigger off of custom task output messages. These must be registered in the [runtime][<namespace>][outputs] section of the emitting task, and sent with cylc message command. The graph trigger syntax refers to the item name of the registered output message. Here’s an example workflow that uses message triggers:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 20140801T00
    final cycle point = 20141201T00
    [[graph]]
        P2M = """
            foo:out1 => bar
            foo[-P2M]:out2 => baz
        """
[runtime]
    [[foo]]
        script = """
            sleep 5
            cylc message -- "${CYLC_WORKFLOW_ID}" "${CYLC_TASK_JOB}" "file 1 done"
            sleep 10
            cylc message -- "${CYLC_WORKFLOW_ID}" "${CYLC_TASK_JOB}" "file 2 done"
            sleep 10
        """
        [[[outputs]]]
            out1 = "file 1 done"
            out2 = "file 2 done"
    [[bar, baz]]
        script = sleep 10

Job Submission Triggers

To trigger off of a task submitting, or failing to submit:

# B triggers if A submits successfully:
R1 = "A:submit => B"

# D triggers if C fails to submit successfully:
R1 = "C:submit-fail => D"

A possible use case for submit-fail triggering: if a task fails to submit, possibly after multiple retries, another task that inherits (mostly) the same runtime could be triggered to submit the same job to an alternative platform.

Conditional Triggers

Conditional triggers allow the configuration of more advanced task dependencies.

AND operators (&) can appear on both sides of an arrow. They provide a concise alternative to defining multiple triggers separately:

# 1/ this:
R1 = "A & B => C"

# is equivalent to:
R1 = """
    A => C
    B => C
"""

# 2/ this:
R1 = "A => B & C"

# is equivalent to:
R1 = """
    A => B
    A => C
"""

# 3/ and this:
R1 = "A & B => C & D"

# is equivalent to this:
R1 = """
    A => C
    B => C
    A => D
    B => D
"""

OR operators (|), for conditional triggers, can only appear on the left:

# C triggers when either A or B finishes:
    R1 = "A | B => C"

Any valid conditional expression can be used.

Conditional trigger example

# D triggers if A or (B and C) succeed
A | B & C => D
# just to align the two graph sections
D => W
# Z triggers if (W or X) and Y succeed
(W|X) & Y => Z
../../_images/conditional-triggers.png

Family Triggers

Families defined by the runtime inheritance hierarchy (Task Configuration) can be used in the graph to trigger whole groups of tasks at the same time (e.g. forecast model ensembles and groups of tasks for processing different observation types at the same time) and for triggering downstream tasks off families as a whole. Higher level families, i.e. families of families, can also be used, and are reduced to the lowest level member tasks.

Note

Tasks can also trigger off individual family members if necessary.

To trigger an entire task family at once:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "foo => FAM"
[runtime]
    [[FAM]]    # a family (because others inherit from it)
    [[m1,m2]]  # family members (inherit from FAM)
        inherit = FAM

This is equivalent to:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "foo => m1 & m2"
[runtime]
    [[FAM]]
    [[m1,m2]]
        inherit = FAM

To trigger off of a task family you must specify whether the trigger condition applies to all or any of the member tasks:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            # all-member triggers:
            FAM:start-all => one
            FAM:succeed-all => one
            FAM:fail-all => one
            FAM:finish-all => one
            # any-member triggers:
            FAM:start-any => one
            FAM:succeed-any => one
            FAM:fail-any => one
            FAM:finish-any => one
        """

Here’s how to trigger downstream processing after if one or more family members succeed, but only after all members have finished (succeeded or failed):

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
           FAM:finish-all & FAM:succeed-any => foo
        """

Efficient Inter-Family Triggering

While Cylc allows writing dependencies between two families it is important to consider the number of dependencies this will generate. In the following example, each member of FAM2 has dependencies pointing at all the members of FAM1.

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            FAM1:succeed-any => FAM2
        """

Expanding this out, you generate N * M dependencies, where N is the number of members of FAM1 and M is the number of members of FAM2. This can result in high memory use as the number of family members grows.

You can greatly reduce the number of dependencies generated here by putting dummy tasks in the graph to represent the state of the upstream family. For example, if FAM2 should trigger off any member of FAM1 succeeding you can use a dummy task FAM1_done like this:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            FAM1:succeed-any => FAM1_done => FAM2
        """
[runtime]
# ...
    [[FAM1_done]]
        script = true
# ...

This graph generates only N + M dependencies, which takes significantly less memory and CPU to store and evaluate.

Intercycle Triggers

Most tasks in a workflow typically depend on others with the same cycle point, but some may depend on other cycle points [1].

Intercycle dependence is expressed using [offset] syntax such as foo[-PT12H] => foo, which means foo at the current cycle point depends on a previous instance of foo at 12 hours before the current cycle point. Unlike for recurrences (e.g. T00,T12), dependency these offsets are relative to the current cycle point, not the initial cycle point.

[[graph]]
    # B triggers off A in the previous cycle point
    PT6H = "A[-PT6H] => B"

intercycle and trigger type (or message trigger) syntax can be combined:

# B triggers if A in the previous cycle point fails:
PT6H = "A[-PT6H]:fail => B"

For convenience, Cylc automatically ignores intercycle triggers that reach back beyond the initial cycle point. If something special has to happen at start-up, R1 tasks are the recommended way to make it happen:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1 = "prep1 => prep2"
        R1/T00,R1/T12 = "prep2[^] => foo"
        T00,T12 = "foo[-PT12H] => foo => bar"

Here there is a dependence on the initial R1 task prep for foo at the first T00 cycle point, and at the first T12 cycle point. Thereafter, foo just depends on its previous (12 hours ago) instance.

It can also be useful to have specific dependencies on tasks at or near the initial cycle point. You can switch the context of the offset to be the initial cycle point by using the caret symbol: ^.

For example, foo[^] means foo at the initial cycle point, and foo[^+PT6H] means foo 6 hours after the initial cycle point. Usually, this kind of dependency will only apply in a limited number of cycle points near the start of the workflow, so you may want to write it in an R1 graph.

Finally, dependence on a task at a specific cycle point is also possible:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        R1/20200202 = "baz[20200101] => qux"

Warning

However, in a long running workflow it is best to avoid a repeating cycle that depends forever on a specific cycle point (such as the initial point) as this can adversely affect the scheduler’s performance.

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2010
    [[graph]]
        # Can cause performance issue!
        P1D = "baz[20200101] => qux"

Special Sequential Tasks

Tasks that depend on their own previous-cycle instance can be declared as sequential:

[scheduling]
    [[special tasks]]
        # foo depends on its previous instance:
        sequential = foo  # deprecated - see below!
    [[graph]]
        T00,T12 = "foo => bar"

However, this feature is deprecated in favour of explicit intercycle triggers which expose the associated scheduling behaviour in the graph:

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        # foo depends on its previous instance:
        T00,T12 = "foo[-PT12H] => foo => bar"

The sequential declaration is arguably convenient in one unusual situation though: if a task has a non-uniform cycling sequence then multiple explicit triggers,

[scheduling]
    [[graph]]
        T00,T03,T11 = "foo => bar"
        T00 = "foo[-PT13H] => foo"
        T03 = "foo[-PT3H] => foo"
        T11 = "foo[-PT8H] => foo"

can be replaced by a single sequential declaration,

[scheduling]
    [[special tasks]]
        sequential = foo
    [[graph]]
        T00,T03,T11 = "foo => bar"

Future Triggers

Cylc also supports intercycle triggering off tasks “in the future” (with respect to cycle point):

[[graph]]
    T00,T06,T12,T18 = """
        # A runs in this cycle:
        A
        # B in this cycle triggers off A in the next cycle.
        A[PT6H] => B
    """

Future triggers present a problem at workflow shutdown rather than at start-up. Here, B at the final cycle point wants to trigger off an instance of A that will never exist because it is beyond the workflow stop point. Consequently Cylc prevents tasks from spawning successors that depend on other tasks beyond the final point.

Clock Triggers

Warning

This describes a deprecated syntax for defining clock triggers in task configuration. If used, it will be converted automatically to define new-style clock triggers. Support for the old syntax will be removed in an upcoming release.

By default, datetime cycle points are not connected to the wallclock time. In real time cycling systems, however, some tasks may need to trigger at (or at some offset from) their cycle point in real time.

Cylc points are full datetimes, not just times of the day, so clock-triggers provide no constraint if the workflow gets sufficiently far behind the clock, allowing maximum concurrency until the clock-triggered tasks catch up again.

[scheduling]
    [[special tasks]]
        clock-trigger = foo(PT2H)
    [[graph]]
        T00 = foo

Here, 2025-08-23T00/foo would trigger (other dependencies allowing) when the wallclock time reaches 2025-08-23T02. Clock-trigger offsets are normally positive, to trigger after the wallclock time is equal to the task cycle point.

Clock-Expire Triggers

Tasks can be configured to expire and skip job submission if they are too far behind the wallclock when they become ready to run (and other tasks can trigger off of this).

For example, if a clock-triggered task always copies the latest of a set of files to overwrite the previous set, in every cycle, there would be no point in running it late because the files it copied would be immediately overwritten by the next task instance as the workflow catches back up to real time operation.

Clock-expire tasks are configured with [scheduling][special tasks]clock-expire using a syntax like clock-trigger with a datetime offset relative to cycle point. The offset should be positive to make the task expire if the wallclock time has gone beyond the cycle point.

Warning

The scheduler can only determine that a task has expired once it has appeared in the active window of the workflow.

External Triggers

This is a substantial topic, documented separately in External Triggers.

Required Outputs

New in version 8.0.0.

Task outputs in the graph are either required (the default) or optional.

The scheduler requires all task outputs to be completed at runtime, unless they are marked with ? as optional. This allows it to correctly diagnose workflow completion. [2]

Tasks that finish without completing required outputs [3] are retained as incomplete pending user intervention, e.g. to be retriggered after a bug fix.

Note

Incomplete tasks stall the workflow if there is nothing else to do (see Workflow Completion). They also count toward the runahead limit, because they may run again once dealt with.

This graph says task bar should trigger if foo succeeds:

foo => bar  # short for "foo:succeed => bar"

Additionally, foo is required to succeed, because its success is not marked as optional. If foo does not succeeded, the scheduler will not run bar, and foo will be retained as an incomplete task.

Here, foo:succeed, bar:x, and baz:fail are all required outputs:

foo
bar:x
baz:fail

Tasks that appear with only custom outputs in the graph are also required to succeed. Here, foo:succeed is a required output, as well as foo:x, unless it is marked as optional elsewhere in the graph:

foo:x => bar

If a task generates multiple custom outputs, they should be “required” if you expect them all to be completed every time the task runs. Here, model:file1, model:file2, and model:file3 are all required outputs:

model:file1 => proc1
model:file2 => proc2
model:file3 => proc3

Optional Outputs

New in version 8.0.0.

Optional outputs are marked with ?. They may or may not be completed by the task at runtime.

Like the first example above, the following graph says task bar should trigger if foo succeeds:

foo? => bar  # short for "foo:succeed? => bar"

But now foo:succeed is optional, so we might expect it to fail sometimes. And if it does fail, it will not be marked as an incomplete task.

Here, foo:succeed, bar:x, and baz:fail are all optional outputs:

foo?
bar:x?
baz:fail?

Success and failure (of the same task) are mutually exclusive, so they must both be optional if one is optional, or if they both appear in the graph:

foo? => bar
foo:fail? => baz

Warning

Optional outputs must be marked as optional everywhere they appear in the graph, to avoid ambiguity.

If a task generates multiple custom outputs, they should all be declared optional if you do not expect them to be completed every time the task runs:

# model:x, :y, and :z are all optional outputs:
model:x? => proc-x
model:y? => proc-y
model:z? => proc-z

This is an example of graph branching from optional outputs. Whether a particular branch is taken or not depends on which optional outputs are completed at runtime. For more information see Graph Branching.

Leaf tasks (with nothing downstream of them) can have optional outputs. In the following graph, foo is required to succeed, but it doesn’t matter whether bar succeeds or fails:

foo => bar?

Note

Optional outputs do not affect triggering. They just tell the scheduler what to do with the task if it finishes without completing the output.

This graph triggers bar if foo succeeds, and does not trigger bar if foo fails:

foo => bar

And so does this graph:

foo? => bar

The only difference is whether or not the scheduler regards foo as incomplete if it fails.

Finish Triggers

foo:finish is a pseudo output that is short for foo:succeed? | foo:fail?. This automatically labels the real outputs as optional, because success and failure can’t both be required.

foo:finish? is illegal because it incorrectly suggests that “finishing is optional” and that a non-optional version of the trigger makes sense.

# Good:
R1 = """
   foo:finish => bar
   foo? => baz
"""

# Error:
R1 = """
   foo:finish => bar
   foo => baz  # ERROR : foo:succeed must be optional here!
"""

Family Triggers

Family triggers are based on family pseudo outputs such as FAM:succeed-all and FAM:fail-any that are short for logical expressions involving the corresponding member task outputs.

If the member outputs are not singled out explicitly elsewhere in the graph, then they default to being required outputs.

For example, if f1 and f2 are members of FAM, then this:

FAM:fail-all => a

means:

f1:fail & f2:fail => a  # f1:fail and f2:fail are required

and this:

FAM:succeed-any => a

means:

f1 | f2 => a  # f1:succeed and f2:succeed are required

However, the family default can be changed to optional by using ? on the family trigger. So this:

FAM:fail-all? => a

means this:

f1:fail? & f2:fail? => a  # f1:fail and f2:fail are optional

If particular member tasks are singled out elsewhere in the graph, that overrides the family default for required/optional outputs:

# f1:fail is required, and f2:fail is optional:
FAM:fail-all => a
f2:fail? => b

Family Finish Triggers

Like task :finish triggers, family :finish-all/any triggers are different because :finish is a pseudo output involving both :succeed and :fail, which are mutually exclusive outputs that must both be optional if both are used.

Also like task :finish triggers, use of ? is illegal on a family finish trigger, because the underlying member outputs must already be optional.

FAM:finish-all => a  # f1:succeed/fail and f2:succeed/fail are optional
FAM:finish-any => a  # (ditto)

FAM:finish-all? => b  # ERROR

Graph Branching

Cylc handles workflow graphs in an event-driven way. It can automatically follow different paths depending on events at runtime. This relies on optional outputs and is called branching.

Note

In Cylc 7 and earlier, graphs were not event-driven and needed suicide triggers to clean up unused branches at runtime.

Cylc 8 does not need suicide triggers for branching.

Basic Example

Here Cylc will follow one of two “branches” depending on the outcome of task b:

  • If b succeeds then the task c will run.

  • If b fails then the task r will run.

Task d will run after either c or r succeeds.

digraph example { subgraph cluster_success { label = ":succeed" color = "green" fontcolor = "green" style = "dashed" c } subgraph cluster_failure { label = ":fail" color = "red" fontcolor = "red" style = "dashed" r } a -> b -> c -> d b -> r -> d }

# the success path
a => b? => c
# the fail path
a => b:fail? => r
# either way, carry on with the rest of the workflow
c | r => d

The ? symbol denotes an optional output which allows the graph to branch.

Note the last line of the graph c | r => d allows the graph to continue on to d regardless of the path taken. This is an artificial dependency.

Branching is often used for automatic failure recovery. Here’s a simple example:

foo => bar
bar:fail? => recover
bar? | recover => baz

digraph Example { subgraph cluster_1 { label = ":fail" color = "red" fontcolor = "red" style = "dashed" recover } foo -> bar bar -> recover recover -> baz [arrowhead="onormal"] bar -> baz [arrowhead="onormal"] }

The recover task would (presumably) analyse the failure of bar and, if the right failure mode is confirmed, attempt to generate the right outputs another way. Then baz can trigger off of either branch, to process the outputs.

A more realistic example might have several tasks on each branch. The recover task could, via inheritance, run the same underlying code as bar, but configured differently to avoid the failure.

Message Trigger Example

Branching is particularly powerful when using Message Triggers (i.e. custom outputs) to define multiple parallel paths in the graph.

In the following graph there is a task called showdown which produces one of three possible custom outputs, good, bad or ugly. Cylc will follow a different path depending on which of these three outputs is produced.

As with the previous example each path begins with a different optional output of a particular task and ends with an “or” dependency to allow the workflow to continue regardless of the path taken.

# branch the graph depending on the outcome of "showdown"
showdown:good? => good
showdown:bad? => bad
showdown:ugly? => ugly
# join the graph back together
good | bad | ugly => fin

digraph Example { subgraph cluster_1 { label = ":good" color = "green" fontcolor = "green" style = "dashed" good } subgraph cluster_2 { label = ":bad" color = "red" fontcolor = "red" style = "dashed" bad } subgraph cluster_3 { label = ":ugly" color = "purple" fontcolor = "purple" style = "dashed" ugly } showdown -> good showdown -> bad showdown -> ugly good -> fin [arrowhead="onormal"] bad -> fin [arrowhead="onormal"] ugly -> fin [arrowhead="onormal"] }

You can test run this example making showdown randomly generate one of the three custom outputs:

[runtime]
    [[showdown]]
        # Randomly return one of the three custom outputs.
        script = """
            SEED=$RANDOM
            if ! (( $SEED % 3 )); then
                cylc message 'The Good'
            elif ! (( ( $SEED + 1 ) % 3 )); then
                cylc message 'The Bad'
            else
                cylc message 'The Ugly'
            fi
        """
        [[[outputs]]]
            # Register the three custom outputs.
            good = 'The Good'
            bad = 'The Bad'
            ugly = 'The Ugly'

When using message triggers in this way there are two things to be aware of:

  1. Message triggers are not exit states.

    Custom output messages are generated before the task has completed, so it can be useful to combine them with a regular trigger for safety e.g:

    # good will wait for showdown to finish before running
    showdown:finish & showdown:good => good
    
    # if showdown fails then good will not run
    showdown:succeed & showdown:good => good
    
  2. Whether message outputs from a single task are mutually exclusive or not depends on the task, and the workflow should be designed accordingly.

    For example, the showdown task above could instead send all three messages in succession, after writing out corresponding good, bad, and ugly files.

    Check that you understand how your tasks work, if they use custom outputs.

Limiting Workflow Activity

Cylc will usually try to trigger any task with met dependencies. If this risks running more tasks than you wish - if it would overwhelm the job platform for example - Runahead Limiting and Internal Queues provide tools to limit workflow activity.

Runahead Limiting

The scheduler runahead limit determines how many consecutive cycle points can be active at once. The base point of the runahead calculation is the current lowest-valued point with active or incomplete tasks present.

The runahead limit can be set with [scheduling]runahead limit, to an integer interval (for datetime or integer cycling workflows) or to a datetime interval (datetime cycling only).

The integer format Pn is an interval that spans n+1 consecutive cycle points, regardless of how the cycle point values increment from one point to the next (i.e. regardless of the cycling interval).

For example, the default runahead limit of P4 allows 5 active cycle points (base point plus the 4 next points) whether the cycling is defined by R/^/P1 or R/^/P3 etc. (for integer cycling) or R/^/PT6H etc. (for datetime cycling).

In the following example, tasks 1/foo through 4/foo will submit to run immediately at start-up, but 5/foo will be held back until 1/foo finishes and allows the runahead limit to move on:

[scheduling]
    cycling mode = integer
    initial cycle point = 1
    runahead limit = P3  # max 4 active points
    [[graph]]
        P2 = foo  # cycle points 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...

The active cycle points in this workflow, at some point during the run, might be 29, 31, 33, 35, for example.

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2050
    runahead limit = P3  # max 4 active points
    [[graph]]
        P2Y = foo  # cycle points 2050, 2052, 2054, ...

The active points in this workflow, at some point during the run, might be 2060, 2062, 2064, 2068.

With a datetime interval, on the other hand, the number of active cycle points depends on the cycling intervals:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2050
    runahead limit = P4Y  # max active point: base point + P4Y
    [[graph]]
        P2Y = foo  # cycle points 2050, 2052, 2054, ...

The active points in this workflow, at some point during the run, might be 2060, 2062, 2064. If the cycling interval was P1Y instead of P2Y, they might be 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064.

Note

To restrict activity to a single cycle point at a time (just the base point) use a null runahead interval: P0 or (e.g.) PT0H.

Note

Runahead limiting does not restrict activity within a cycle point. Workflows with a large number of tasks per cycle may need internal queues to constrain activity in absolute terms.

Note

The scheduler may automatically raise the runahead limit to accommodate future triggered tasks without stalling the workflow.

Internal Queues

Large workflows can potentially overwhelm the system by submitting too many jobs at once. Internal queues can prevent this by limiting the number of tasks that can be active (submitted or running) at the same time.

Internal queues are FIFO (first-in-first-out): tasks are released in the same order that they were queued. They are configured under [scheduling][queues] with a name; a list of members assigned by task or family name; and a limit, which is the maximum number of active members allowed.

By default every task is assigned to the default queue, which by default has a zero limit (interpreted by Cylc as no limit). To use a single queue for the whole workflow just set the default queue limit:

[scheduling]
    [[queues]]
        # limit the entire workflow to 5 active tasks at once
        [[[default]]]
            limit = 5

To use additional queues just name them, set limits, and assign members:

[scheduling]
    [[queues]]
        [[[q_foo]]]
            limit = 5
            members = foo, bar, baz

Any tasks not assigned to a particular queue will remain in the default queue. The following example illustrates how queues work by running two task trees side by side, limited to 2 and 3 tasks respectively:

[meta]
    title = demonstrates internal queueing
    description = """
        Two trees of tasks: the first uses the default queue set to a limit of
        two active tasks at once; the second uses another queue limited to three
        active tasks at once.
    """

[scheduler]
    allow implicit tasks = True

[scheduling]
    [[queues]]
        [[[default]]]
            limit = 2
        [[[foo]]]
            limit = 3
            members = n, o, p, FAM2, u, v, w, x, y, z
    [[graph]]
        R1 = """
            a => b & c => FAM1
            n => o & p => FAM2
            FAM1:succeed-all => h & i & j & k & l & m
            FAM2:succeed-all => u & v & w & x & y & z
        """

[runtime]
    [[FAM1, FAM2]]
    [[d,e,f,g]]
        inherit = FAM1
    [[q,r,s,t]]
        inherit = FAM2

Valid Task Cycle Points

Graph triggers determine the sequence of valid cycle points (via the recurrence value of the associated graph string) and the prerequisites, for each downstream task in a dependency. In the absence of a cycle point offset (intercycle trigger) they also determine the sequence of cycle points for the upstream tasks:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        P2D = "foo & bar => baz"

This says baz depends on foo and bar for every point in the sequence defined by the recurrence P2D (i.e. R/^/P2D).

Cylc does not infer the cyclepoint sequence for upstream tasks in intercycle triggers, however. All tasks must be tied to the right sequence by appearing somewhere in the graph with no offset. This prevents unintentional creation of off-sequence tasks by an offset error in the graph.

For instance, the following example fails validation with no cycling sequences defined for ``foo``:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        # ERROR!
        P2D = "foo[-P1D] & bar"

To fix this, foo should be explicitly tied to the P2D cycle, and the correct offset used:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        P2D = """
            foo
            foo[-P2D] & bar
        """

Or it should be explicitly tied to the intermediate cycle, if the P1D offset is actually correct:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        R/+P1D/P2D = foo  # day 2, 4, 6, ...
        P2D = "foo[-P1D] & bar"  # day 1, 3, 5, ...

Note that validation does not detect this sort of error if the target task has cyclepoint sequences defined but the offset does not land on them. For example, the following graph will validate but bar will only run once in the first cycle point (where its pre-initial dependence is ignored):

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        P2D = """
            foo
            foo[-P1D] => bar  # ERROR: foo doesn't exist at -P1D
        """

To fix this, the offset [-P1D] should be changed to [-P2D], or else another graph line is needed to generate foo instances on the P1D sequence:

[scheduling]
    initial cycle point = 2025-01-01T00
    [[graph]]
        P1D = "foo"
        P2D = "foo[-P1D] => bar"

Omitting Tasks

It can sometimes be useful to temporarily remove tasks by simply commenting them out of the graph. Validation warns about tasks defined under [runtime] but not used in the graph, as a reminder to restore them or remove them.

You can also use logical Jinja2 switches (Jinja2) to include or exclude tasks (or anything else) from workflow.